NASA defines meteors as:
The light phenomena which results when a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere and vaporizes; a shooting star.
So we'll stick with that (besides, meteoroids are generally too small to track otherwise, and the ones that are big enough to track are referred to as asteroids anyway). If you are interested in asteroid tracking, NASA's Near Earth Object Program has got you covered.
The American Meteor Society maintains a system for reporting "fireballs" and "bolides" - both terms for meteors that are bright enough to be seen from a very wide area. The link has a very good discussion of the details of this system, but a particularly interesting chart showing the number of event reports collected by the AMS is below.
They note that in 2010 the system was upgraded to a "database Google maps" system, which made it much easier for people to file reports (thus the drastic increase). They classify events by the number of reports received, ranging from "Unconfirmed" (reported by only 1 witness) to "Huge" (100+ witnesses). They also have a special class for fireballs large enough to produce a sonic boom (as confirmed by 2 or more witnesses).
Space-based sensors owned by the U.S. Government (namely IR sensors) are able to detect and report particularly bright fireball events (the sensors are typically meant to detect space/missile launches). As the AMS article notes, the U.S. recently decided to start sharing data on fireball events. NASA has set up a website for sharing these reports with the public. According to this, reports generally include position (latitude, longitude, and altitude, presumably at the peak brightness point), date/time of peak brightness, velocity, and the estimated radiated energy (from which NASA can estimate the total impact energy).
Presumably, events like this are picked up on ground-based sensors (such as radar) typically used for space surveillance, but this data does not appear to be reported. One main reason for this is that it's probably difficult to even confirm that the detected object was in fact a meteor.
As far as lead time, there is really nothing significant to speak of, since the detection can only happen once the object begins interacting with the atmosphere.
