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This answer repeats the fact that something as small as a few micrometers in diameter can make a visible bullseye in a window in orbit. I heard it with respect to the space shuttle, and now they have one on the ISS.

But we’re talking about a total energy delivered of about a microjoule, even at orbital speeds!

How can so little energy make such an impact?

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  • $\begingroup$ I'd guess it's because it's concentrated in such a small area, something is going to happen, and as glass is so brittle, you can't just have it break in a single tiny spot. $\endgroup$ – Deimophobia Jun 11 '17 at 21:55
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    $\begingroup$ I'm having trouble finding resources worthy of a SE answer, but the reality is that hypersonic impacts are strange. Strange enough that NASA is willing to spend money building huge vacuum chambers and railguns to throw things at those velocities just to see how they behave. When you can transmit energy/momentum faster than it can propagate through the material, you can strike things in very unusual ways. $\endgroup$ – Cort Ammon - Reinstate Monica Jun 12 '17 at 0:48
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    $\begingroup$ A microjoule? You're about five or six orders of magnitude off. $\endgroup$ – Tristan Jun 12 '17 at 1:50
  • $\begingroup$ @Tristan a 2-micron diameter piece of iron moving at 8 km/s has 1 microjoule of kinetic energy. Perhaps the object that caused the damage in the linked photo was a bit larger than that, though. $\endgroup$ – pericynthion Jun 12 '17 at 2:50
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    $\begingroup$ A chip 7 mm in diameter? Definitely not 2 micron. Closer to 3-400 micron. $\endgroup$ – Tristan Jun 12 '17 at 3:18

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