Could a spacecraft spin so fast that it spontaneously deconstructs?

Question

I have to admit, first and foremost, that this was inspired by Kerbal Space Program. During a launch I decided to hold the "E" key and spin my rocket to the fastest rotation speed possible. At some point I feel that the rocket should have deconstructed, then thought again-- on what basis did I make that assumption?

Could a reaction wheel spacecraft spin so fast that it deconstructs itself? What force would cause this (if it would) and which parts would be most susceptible to this force?

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Bonus points (Putting Quantities to the Discussion):

I'm also interested in the actual calculations behind this as well. I read in another question "How far can you fall on the moon without injury" that the average human femur takes 4,000 newtons to snap. Assuming the average human femur is 50 centimeters long, weighs 250g and is a uniform cylinder; how fast would the bone be required to spin in a vacuum before reaching the critical limit of 4,000 newtons? You may assume the point of failure in a specific location if you like.

My calculation:

sqrt(4.00kN*.25m/.25kg) = ~63.25 m/s from F = (M*v^2)/r

Is this remotely correct? The bone would break at approximately ~63.25 m/s of rotational velocity?

After reading more all of that was over-simplifying a complex problem, @TomSpiker did a great job of explaining this variation of the calculation.

Answer 1

To parallel @Heopps answer:

Did it really happen?

Yes.

In spectacular fashion!

In 1965 NASA launched a boilerplate Apollo command module on a Little Joe II rocket to test the Launch Escape System (LES), and got more of a test than they'd bargained for. Due to an erroneous installation of gyros the control vanes on the fins went to full deflection upon launch and caused the rocket to spin up, to the point that centrifugal force broke the motor mounts for the solid motors and the rocket came apart, well below the altitude where the LES was supposed to initiate. The video of that flight is very cool!

Despite the unintended flight profile, the LES got a successful test under a real abort situation.

Note that this example does not truly involve a spacecraft, since this test never reached, and wasn't intended to reach, the Karman line, and used only a boilerplate command module. @Heopps answer steers you to a true spacecraft's unfortunate demise.

EDIT 2018 July 18

To address the spinning femur, a real femur is a lot more complicated than a cylinder.

But first, let me say that for someone who's only dipped a toe (so far!) in the vast ocean of physics, you made a good try! Many would get brain-freeze as soon as they saw an equation, but you didn't. Good for you!

Regarding the cylinder calculation, remember that this object is spinning around its center of mass. If you assume all the mass is concentrated at the ends of the cylinder (which it's not, of course, but assume that for now), then two 125-gram masses are rotating with a radius of gyration of 25 cm. For the gyrating mass and radius of gyration to be 250 gm and 50 cm, the rod would have to be rotating around one end, not the center, and all the mass would have to be at the other end. Instead we have the two 125-gm masses rotating with a radius of gyration of 25 cm, so the equation becomes V = SQRT(4kN*0.25m/0.125kg) = 89.44 m/s, or ~3400 RPM. (This assumes the 4 kN is an ultimate tensile strength) That's actually faster than your calculation indicated! This equation calculates the force applied by only one of the 125-gm masses: the other will apply the same force, just in the opposite direction, so calculating only one of them is sufficient.

If you assume a true thin cylinder with the mass distributed uniformly along its length, the parts of the cylinder closer to the rotational axis are moving at a speed slower than the ends, so they produce less centrifugal force than if they were out at the ends. The net tension produced at the midpoint is half as much (not one third as much!) as the case where the mass is concentrated at the ends, so you could actually rotate faster, by a factor of √2.

Real femurs are somewhere in the middle between the uniform cylinder and the situation above where the mass is concentrated entirely at the ends, but there is a complication.

The complication is that, as you can see from the image, the femur isn't cylindrically symmetrical. It isn't even homogeneous. There's a significant chunk of mass (the head, according to Gray's Anatomy) extending to one side at the upper ("proximal") end. And the shaft is often not straight, though that's not shown here, and the bone isn't homogeneous, so local mass densities aren't constant. When rotating, the asymmetry means that in addition to purely tensile stress (which @TheNate correctly identified stress as the primary metric of interest) there is a bending moment applied to the shaft. At a given cross-section of the shaft (say, for instance, at the center of mass) this bending moment decreases the stress on one side and increases it on the other. Assuming no pre-existing cracks in the bone, the first break would occur where that increased stress occurs and quickly spread as a Griffith crack across the entire shaft. This would happen at a rotation rate slower than those calculated above.

Answer 2

Did it really happen?

Yes.

The investigation of Japanese Hitomi spacecraft's failure found that it was spinning too fast due to attitude control error. As a result, the spacecraft spun so fast that several pieces of debris were registered.

But it was caused by thrusters, not reaction wheels.

Answer 3

Reaction wheel? No, these are way overpowered in KSP, and don't exert nearly as high torque in real spacecrafts, never mind the issue of saturation (maximum speed of reaction wheel motor).

But asymmetric thrust is a definite danger. If some engines of a rocket fail to fire, or stop firing early, the remaining ones will send it into a spin. And that may end really badly. And not just on ascent - a stuck RCS thruster in orbit is equally bad news.

Answer 4

Yes, absolutely.

Every part of a spinning, rigid structure is undergoing acceleration towards the center, proportional to the radius from the axis of rotation and to the square of the angular velocity. This is technically centripetal force, but in the local neighborhood of a body that could potentially become disconnected from the structure, it can be treated as an outward force in a rotating frame, so it's commonly called centrifugal force.

Because the force increases with the radius from the rotation axis, the outermost parts of the spacecraft are subject to the most force; if everything is equally securely fastened, the outermost bits will fall off first.

When parts fall off, they will depart with the instantaneous velocity they had at disconnection, i.e. on a line tangent to their radius of rotation. In the rotating frame of reference such a part was in before it fell off, this straight path appears approximately parabolic; the motion is very much like acceleration due to gravity.

The effect of this force can in principle be used to simulate gravity in a rotating spacecraft for the benefit of passengers, but for this purpose it's preferable to use a larger radius and a slower rotation in order to minimize Coriolis effect.

Kerbal Space Program's structural attachments are generally stronger than those of real-life spacecraft, but I believe you can make things fall off a spinning craft within the game.

(SF. is correct that you probably can't spin a craft fast enough with reaction wheels to cause damage to anything but the reaction wheels.)

Answer 5

Could a spacecraft spin so fast that it deconstructs itself? What force would cause this (if it would) and which parts would be most susceptible to this force?

It's not a matter of a force causing it, so much as a lack of a force. According to Newton's First Law, an object remains at constant velocity unless acted on by some force. Since velocity includes both speed and direction, an object moving at constant velocity is either stationary or moving in a straight line.

In order for an object (such as part of a spaceship) to travel in a circular path, it must be continually accelerated toward the center of that path. Newton's First Law tells us that this is not possible unless some force is acting on it. Newton's Second Law tells us that this force is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.

In the example of a rotating object, whatever part is holding the outside parts onto the spacecraft is exerting a force onto those outside parts that is directed toward the center of the spacecraft. When the rotational speed increases to the point that the acceleration required to hold those outside parts in a circular path rises above the maximum force whatever is holding the outside object on can provide divided by the mass of the outside object, the part hold the outside object on will fail and the outside object will fly off in a straight line.

As Nuclear Wang mentioned in a comment, you can observe this same behavior with a ball on a string. When you spin the ball on the string, the string is exerting a force (called tension) on the ball toward the center of the rotation. When you spin the ball fast enough that the acceleration required to hold the ball in this circular path reaches the maximum tension force the string can provide divided by the mass of the ball, the string will break and the ball will fly off. If it weren't for air friction and Earth's gravity (which are also forces acting on the ball,) the ball would fly off in a straight line.

Answer 6

Possibly related is a problem examined by Randall Monroe of xkcd fame in his What If article about the fastest way to complete a NASCAR race:

https://what-if.xkcd.com/116/

In the latter half of the article, he describes a system that is rotating around a central point. The limit of the speed of this spin is the breaking strength of the material doing the spinning. To quote the relevant entry (though I'd recommend reading the whole thing -- and the rest of the archive. It's good stuff!):

Imagine a "vehicle" anchored with Kevlar straps to a pivot in the center, reinforced with a counterweight on the other side. In effect, this is a giant centrifuge. This lets us apply one of my favorite weird equations, which says that the edge of a spinning disc can't go faster than the square root of the specific strength (tensile strength divided by density) of the material it's made of. For strong materials like Kevlar, this speed is 1-2 km/s. At those speeds, a capsule could conceivably finish the race in about 10 minutes—although definitely not with a living driver inside.

So in your case, the question becomes: what structural material in a spaceship has the lowest specific strength? Once it fails due to the rotational stress, the whole thing will presumably fail.

Answer 7

I see the issue as being about the spin axis. End-over-end is how a long cylinder 'wants' to spin. They had issues with this with early satelites which wouldn't stay spinning around their length, because any flex in the material would transfer momemtum to the end-over-end tumbling rotation. As the rotational momentum increases, there is more momentum to transfer, and any deviation from perfect stiffness of the material would be amplified. The top and bottom would start to wobble.

And once it switches from twisting to tumbling, the force and temperature differentials would quickly rip it apart.

Answer 8

That's sort of the rule. You need to take active measures against it. Any continuing acceleration/thrust from a point fixed to the solid frame of a craft that isn't exactly pointed at its center of gravity will cause a rotation around the center of gravity and continuing in the acceleration will increase the amount of rotation. There is no inherent limit or braking in space. A mitigating factor is that stable modes of rotation are only about the eigenvectors of the inertial tensor corresponding to the largest and smallest eigenvalue: those modes of rotation cannot decay to other axes. But any continuing contribution to rotation around the two stable axes of rotation will accumulate, and the resulting centripetal forces keeping the solid together will eventually break any material.