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I have read ionic/plasma propulsion system don't provide enough thrust to even lift themselves in Earth's atmosphere & photonic beamed propulsion is not in application yet so there any other thrusters that are way better than basic chemical fuel system being used or yet to be used in modern rockets ? Or maybe we can use ionic/plasma thrusters in a better way ?

Any help would be appreciated :)

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    $\begingroup$ Energy efficient and inexpensive probably give different answers. $\endgroup$ – Steve Linton Oct 2 '18 at 14:31
  • $\begingroup$ Early rocket theorists--I'm thinking Ziolkowski and Ganswindt--imagined rapid-fire canons shooting solid projectiles. So there's that, I suppose. $\endgroup$ – Greg Jul 25 '19 at 19:05
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For inexpensive, especially per ton of payload launched to high velocity you could consider the nuclear shotgun or project orion. There are a few environmental and regulatory issues, and the shotgun is probably not suitable for delicate payloads like humans.

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  • $\begingroup$ Agreed, nuclear propulsion is really the only ticket to orbit, NERVA being an example. $\endgroup$ – GdD Oct 2 '18 at 15:26
  • $\begingroup$ @GdD NERVA won't get you off the ground. Thrust to weight of the engine is only about 1 (and that's with no vehicle or fuel). It's another high Isp somewhat low thrust upper stage. See numbers of the wikipedia page. $\endgroup$ – Steve Linton Oct 2 '18 at 15:30
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    $\begingroup$ @SteveLinton NERVA wasn't being optimized for ground launch. There have been designs for Nuclear Thermal Rockets that would have achieved the needed T/W ratio. Project Timberwind for example was estimated at 30:1. $\endgroup$ – Lex Oct 2 '18 at 19:23
  • $\begingroup$ NERVA is ancient (along with Project Orion). I'd expect NASA or whoever to do a lot better today. $\endgroup$ – David Thornley Oct 2 '18 at 20:12
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No.

If there were an alternative that is both inexpensive and more efficient than chemical fuels, it would be used already.

There is one promising candidate: several companies are working on rocket engines that burn methane with LOX, with potentially better performance than the usual RP-1/LOX.

The big challenge in ion thrusters is scaling them up and improving the thrust/weight ratio.

Nuclear thermal propulsion offers better specific impulse than chemical fuels, combined with high thrust. The big problem with these engines is their radioactive exhaust products, which makes them unsuitable for launches from Earth. They're also expensive to develop and build, so there's a catch-22 here: you can't get funding until there is high demand for fast interplanetary missions, and there won't be fast interplanetary missions until a high-thust+high-Isp engine is available.

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  • $\begingroup$ Nuclear Thermal Rockets do not have to exhaust radioactive products. See the "Closed cycle designs" section, or just read up on the "Nuclear lightbulb". $\endgroup$ – CBHacking Oct 17 '18 at 10:54
  • $\begingroup$ "A nuclear lightbulb is a hypothetical type of spacecraft engine "... $\endgroup$ – Hobbes Oct 17 '18 at 11:17
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    $\begingroup$ Well, it's not as if NERVA ever propelled anything... or had a TWR sufficient to get a vehicle off the ground. Nor is there even a hypothetical ion engine that could be used on a launch vehicle; saying that the "big challenge in ion thrusters is scaling them up and improving the thrust/weight ratio" as though that's going to produce a launch vehicle propulsion system is far more absurd than a nuclear lightbulb, which is at least theoretically possible with modern materials science and energy sources. Anyhow, you didn't say "Open cycle nuclear thermal propulsion... $\endgroup$ – CBHacking Oct 17 '18 at 20:13
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Cold gas thrusters are about the most energy-efficient propulsion system actually used. They can give quite high amounts of thrust (as Mythbusters demonstrated on a couple episodes with things like scuba tanks), and the propellant can literally just be compressed air (nitrogen or helium are more likely), but they are hopelessly low performance for a primary propulsion system for launch vehicles. They are used for maneuvering though, the Falcon 9 first stage being a significant example.

I'm guessing that's not the answer you were expecting, because you seem to be a bit mixed up about energy efficiency and rocket performance. Rockets that are more propellant-efficient (higher specific impulse) are less energy-efficient. All else being equal, doubling your exhaust velocity gives you twice the thrust and twice the total impulse from a given amount of propellant, but requires four times as much power.

Chemical engines are limited by the energy content of the propellant itself. Ion thrusters and such use such high exhaust velocities that to run at a reasonable power requires cutting the mass flow rate down to the slightest trickle, which also cuts the thrust down to something a human would have trouble noticing.

The only way you could improve their energy efficiency would be to reduce their propellant efficiency, but even if you reduced the exhaust velocity of an ion thruster to chemical engine levels, providing the energy to accelerate the propellant from outside is a lot less efficient than doing it by combusting or decomposing chemical propellants. The total power output of a Merlin 1D is around 1.4 gigawatts, and due to regenerative cooling, almost all of the energy goes into the exhaust.

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For me the answer to using nuclear power to get to orbit absolutely requires tapping into the electrical grid and not carrying the propulsion with you.

For example, a space elevator, or a high velocity projectile to bring raw material up along with in space manufacturing.

Alternatively, if you want the benefits of a high velocity projectile, without the certain death that comes with riding one, you can use the projectile to transfer energy to the payload with advanced targeting. I explore the concept a bit here: https://medium.com/@brysgo/high-altitude-mass-volley-9ee9e94f6007

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It depends a bit on how you define cost and how many launches you consider. In the very-large-launch limit, where capital cost can be spread widely, some people think a tethered space elevator is the right solution.

More hypothetical are dynamic elevators like the space fountain:

enter image description here

The launch loop:

enter image description here

Or laser launchers:

enter image description here

There’s a systematic catalog in Wikipedia.

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