Russia's lunch to the ISS failed and the crew may have to leave it unmanned. How would the ISS run without a crew? Could some one else take it over or squat in it?
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2$\begingroup$ There is some interesting and somewhat related reading in Why has the ISS not been left unmanned? and also How long would ISS stay in orbit if it didn't get reboosts? I don't think this is a duplicate of those, but it is possible that part of an answer to this question could be drawn from parts of answers there. I thought there might be some discussion of "space station squatting" here already but I can't find it. $\endgroup$– uhohOct 12, 2018 at 6:30
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$\begingroup$ Exactly my thoughts, relevant sub questions you could add (or I could raise seprately) being "Q1 can it be reboosted by ground command" (seems obvious but have to ask), "Q2 is there any vital regular maintenance (other than reboost) that needs a crew?", "Q3 is there any (technical, not political) possibility for a Shenzhou based visit in terms of docking compatibility and launch vehicle reach?" (OK, OK, I promise this isn't fishing for a sci-fi plot!) $\endgroup$– PuffinOct 12, 2018 at 9:46
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3 Answers
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The ISS is technically able to run without a crew, there's telemetry and command links that allow ground control to do most housekeeping tasks. That being said there's maintenance that only humans can do, and some issues can only be fixed by people on board. A recent example of this is the leak in the Soyuz module. Ground engineers would not have been able to track that down to the exact point, and they certainly wouldn't have been able to repair it.
So really it all depends on what goes wrong, there's a reasonable chance that something important will break if there's an extended unmanned period.
As for whether someone could take the ISS over it's certainly technically possible, all you need is a powerful rocket launching from a location that can reach the ISS's orbital parameters, spacecraft capable of taking crew up to it, the means to resupply it on a regular basis, and a crew that know how to run the ISS in the first place without ground support. There's 3 organizations that could do that and they are Roscosmos, NASA (although NASA currently lack a system it's on the way and NASA has the launching points) and the CNSA (Chinese National Space Agency). China would have to be a bit nuts to try it as it would be an extremely aggressive move with a lot of risk.
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$\begingroup$ Why is it an aggressive move for the CNSA? $\endgroup$ Oct 16, 2018 at 14:50
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1$\begingroup$ It's not their property @MagicOctopusUrn, and there's no agreement for them to use it. Possibly it could be construed as an act of war, at the very least it would be a serious diplomatic situation. $\endgroup$– GdDOct 16, 2018 at 14:56
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$\begingroup$ Ahhh, I thought you meant aggressive in terms of their current knowledge and abilities (meaning it would be difficult for them to physically do-- which I wasn't sure is true); not aggressive as in war/act of war. $\endgroup$ Oct 16, 2018 at 14:57
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1$\begingroup$ I see what you mean @MagicOctopusUrn. They should be capable of it, their spacecraft technology is based on Soyuz, so the docking would likely be compatible, but it would be technically risky as well as they don't know the ISS systems and they'd be working against a hostile power still in control of it. $\endgroup$– GdDOct 16, 2018 at 15:10
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It's possible (although not desirable) to leave a space station drifting uncontrolled, rescuing it at a later time. This happened in real life with the Soviet Salyut 7 space station in 1985. The sensor that pointed the solar array malfunctioned, leading to loss of power, loss of telemetry and control, and eventually to the drifting and slow tumbling of the station.
Salyut 7 was eventually salvaged and repaired by Soyuz T-13. This included docking with the derelict station (without a functioning docking radar), diagnosing and repairing the sensor, restoring power, correcting the attitude, re-heating the station, and repairing the water system (which had frozen). It was arguably the most difficult repair in space history.
The recovery of Salyut 7 was dramatized in the Russian blockbuster movie of the same name. The movie takes a few liberties, including a sinister flyby with the space shuttle Challenger. However, it also includes a toy bear as a microgravity indicator:
I'm skeptical about someone else taking over an unmanned station. First, the rendezvous and docking requires experience that only the Russians and the Americans have. Second, getting a station back to functional status involves expertise, parts, and supplies that only the original space agencies have. Again, these are the Russians and the Americans.
answered Sep 3, 2019 at 8:37
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Retired astronaut Leroy Chiao has addressed this directly a few days ago in Space.com Opinion piece Soyuz Rocket's Launch-Abort Close Call Highlights Poor Space-Policy Decisions (Op-Ed). Here is a bit of it:
If the ISS has to be left without a crew aboard, this could be a serious problem. That's because a number of events could cause the ISS to lose attitude control. Why is this important? When a structure like ISS loses this control, the object tumbles.
When there is a crew on board during these events, they run the procedures to re-establish control. This is not such a big deal. Without a crew however, the antennas would quickly lose a signal lock with mission control, and the ISS computers would fail to receive commands from the flight controllers. The solar arrays would no longer point at the sun correctly, and the storage batteries would run down. The ISS would slowly die.
It would not be possible to safely attempt a docking with a tumbling station, so a new crew would not be able to get aboard to rectify things. The ISS would slowly lose altitude and re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere in an uncontrolled manner. We and our international partners would lose the 100-billion-dollar-plus facility. Large pieces would survive the re-entry and could cause significant damage upon hitting the Earth.
