# Travel Speed in Space

I have read several questions and answers here concerning achieving speeds beyond the typical deep-space exploration missions. While speed increases near the Sun for example, that can't be applied to deep-space exploration.

My question is how close are we to a new way of interstellar travel at speeds that can be measured by fractions of the speed of light rather than km/sec?

I have seen proposals with sails etc. but are they really considered seriously or is it just wishful thinking?

• Hi @APOSTOLOSKONSTANTINIDIS, Welcome to Space! It's a good question and I wonder myself. I've made some adjustments to the wording of your question, hopefully without changing the meaning. Have a look and please feel free to edit further. There are a few votes to close for "unclear what you are asking" but unfortunately those voters chose not to leave any helpful comments nor make any suggested edits. Stack Exchange is a little different than most other Q&A sites and questions should be fairly narrow to allow for simple, clear answers, but you can ask as many follow-up questions as you like. – uhoh Feb 10 '19 at 23:38

Currently functional and proven technology is limited to basically no interstellar travel at all. To reach one of our stellar neighbors (like Proxima Centauri), one of the fastest space probes we have now, New Horizons, would take 54000 years.

There are multiple proposed methods of sending spacecraft interstellar distances (in shorter time spans) such as:

• Beaming power (use a laser to power/push the craft)

• High energy fuel (nuclear/antimatter?)

• Electric propulsion (Ion drives or other electric thrusters)

• Picking up fuel along the way (Interstellar 'ramjet')

• Cannon / projectile (Providing speed by launching in a railgun or similar)

• Theoretical / Sci-fi (Warp drives, wormholes, etc.)

Of these methods, beaming power is probably the closest to reality right now. For example there is a proposal for sending small coin-sized spacecraft to other stars using a 'sail' and a powerful array of lasers to speed it up. This is what the "Breakthrough Starshot" proposal is and it could accelerate the tiny probes up to about 20% of light speed allowing the probes to reach the star in about 20 years. This system would work however there's still some engineering challenges and funding challenges (nothing impossible though). Such a system would be only a one way trip without stopping at the end--the probes are too small to do anything besides collect basic sensor information and since they have no propulsion, most of them would fly by and continue into deep space. The problem with the Breakthrough Starshot is that it's limited to extremely small spacecraft currently however future developments in laser and power generation technology may increase the size and speed of the space probes we can send. According to the organization, if funded, they could launch the first probes in 2036.

Next on the list of closest-to-reality, the high energy fuel category has certain proposals would be build-able today, albeit at enormous cost, risk, and engineering challenge such as the Daedalus Interstellar Craft. This spacecraft was proposed back in the 1970's. Using nuclear propulsion it would be able to accelerate up to ~12% of light speed resulting in a trip duration of an estimated 50 years to our near neighbors.

Progress is also being made on electric propulsion which is making it more and more practical for in-system transportation however the energy requirements it has and low thrust make it sub-optimal for fast interstellar flight.

Other methods such as interstellar ramjets or warp drives are currently only fun in the lab and while mathematically possible aren't currently translatable to reality.

Speculation:

Breakthrough Starshot's goals of first launch by 2036 and thus first arrival around 2056 are reasonable, although only if they get the funding. As for larger (or manned) interstellar missions, don't expect any within the next 50-100 years unless some breakthrough technology is developed (like human hibernation/stasis systems or a practical new propulsion method).

• How would a coin-sized probe communicate from a nearby star all the way back to Earth? Wouldn’t you need huge amounts of transmit power and a large, carefully aimed dish? Or does it lack transmission capabilities and the only goal is to have sent a man-made object there? – Michael Feb 11 '19 at 7:46
• @Michael Here's what they say. No clue if it's realistic though. – JollyJoker Feb 11 '19 at 8:36
• If antimatter is mentioned at all, it should also be mentioned that (as far as I know) one does have no clue as to how to produce it in significant amounts, not even theoretically. – Everyday Astronaut Feb 11 '19 at 10:09
• By "closest to reality" I would say nuclear pulse propulsion is probably much closer than beamed power - it already had prototypes tested 50 years ago, albeit using C4 detonations. It mainly has political limitations rather than engineering ones. – Skyler Feb 11 '19 at 16:15
• @Skyler Solar sail technology has been tested and verified in space, the only part that hasn't been tested is the laser to push it. Nuclear pulse propulsion on the other hand has only been tested with conventional explosives on Earth. Building a NPP spacecraft would require enormous mass as there is a minimum size you need to make a nuclear bomb and the mass of the blast shield needs to be immense. I consider launching a craft this heavy to be more difficult than building a few big lasers here on Earth. – Dragongeek Feb 15 '19 at 7:50

I think you might have interest in reading more about Breakthrough Starshot, which is a project similar to what you described and already received an intial funding of 100 million USD (so I would say it's seriously considered). The basic idea is to use a solar sail that uses momentum transfered from the photons that hit and therefore propel the solar sail, instead of using onboard propellant. More information of how to get the force that is experienced by the solar sail can be found here.

However, this is a relatively small force, and to ensure that the acceleration is high enough to reach another star in reasonable time, the mass of the spacecraft should be very low, in the order of grams (think about Newton's second law $$F=ma$$). Still, in this case the spacecraft would need thousand of years to reach the closest star. Therefore, it is the plan to use lasers to initially accelerate the spacecraft up to 20% of the speed of light, such that the closest star is reached in 20 years.

Still, this concept poses also big technical challenges, as the solar sail should be extremely thin and durable to withstand the enormous accelerations and temperature. A positive guess I found is 20 more years of development time... You can find many reddit posts that further discuss the technical feasibility, such as here, here and here.