4
$\begingroup$

EarthSky.org's Top 5 Mercury mysteries that BepiColombo will solve says:

  1. Why does Mercury have a magnetic field?

Not too many planets have a magnetic field. Among the rocky planets of the inner solar system, only Mercury and Earth have one. Mars used to have a magnetic field in the past and lost it. Mercury appears too small to have one. Yet, it still does, even though it’s one hundred times weaker than the magnetic field of Earth. Scientists wonder what sustains this magnetic field despite the odds stacked against it.

Earth’s magnetic field is generated by the fast spinning of its liquid iron core. As for Mercury, scientists used to think that the core, due to the planet’s small size, must have cooled down and solidified since the planet’s formation. Is that really the case? Johannes Benkhoff explained:

Mercury’s core must be partially molten to explain this magnetism. We can also measure tides on the surface of Mercury, suggesting there must be liquid inside the planet. As Mercury orbits around the sun and interacts with its gravity, we expect a bulge to form and change its size while moving around the sun.

Question: Why must "Mercury’s core (be) partially molten to explain this magnetism"? If Mercury's core solidified, why couldn't have a frozen-out residual magnetization 100 times weaker than Earth's? It's core is huge compared to the diameter of the planet, so even a weak residual magnetization would be detectable in orbit near the surface.

Even iron that cools on Earth has residual magnetism, this is how we know it's field has reversed so many times.

Mercury’s magnetic field and the strong asymmetries introduced by its interaction with the solar wind. Image via ESA.

Mercury’s magnetic field and the strong asymmetries introduced by its interaction with the solar wind. Image via ESA.

Improve this question
$\endgroup$
3
$\begingroup$

tl;dr: because any solid iron would still be above the Curie temperature and so unable to retain any residual magnetization.

The magnetic phenomena associated with liquid metal in (the cores of) planets is a bit different from what we see in a solid metal. Solid iron is ferromagnetic up to a temperatures of $770°C$ or so, depending on impurities, but planetary cores are too hot for that and thus a solid core can have only random magnetic fields that don't give a macroscopic ferromagnetic behavior. Breuer et al. presents a model in which the internal temperature rises above $1500°C$ within the mantle, implying that the core has also remained that hot and thus solid iron would not be ferromagnetic.

When you have liquid metal, or any electrically conductive liquid, things change. The flow of an electrically conductive fluid can amplify these random magnetic fields and produce a macroscopic magnetic field. This can happen even when the conducting liquid is not ferromagnetic, which includes the case of iron under the hot conditions in the core of Mercury (or Earth). This effect demonstrated here with sodium; even a modest liquid flow can generate magnetic fields. Thus when magnetic fields emerge from the interiors of planets, the most likely source is not a seemingly ferromagnetic solid metal but the flow of an electrically conductive liquid. The model of Mercury presented in Ref. 1, above, also predicts a partially moten core (the amount of melting depends on the sulfur level in thd core). David Hamman points out in comments that space exploration probes have found independent evidence for molten core materials on several bodies, including Mercury.

Note that the liquid must be "electrically conductive", but not necessarily a metal. An example of a nonmetallic conducting fluid could be a salty ocean such as that appearing to exist in Europa; Galileo actually detected a magnetic field around Europa which adds evidence for this ocean. At Mercury, however, the only likely conducting fluid is the metal in the cores so the magnetic field is taken as evidence for molten metal in this core.

Reference:

  1. D. Breuer. S. A. Hauck II. M. Buske. M.Bauer, T. Spohn, "Interior Evolution of Mercury", Space Sci Rev (2007) 132: 229–260 DOI 10.1007/s11214-007-9228-9
Improve this answer
$\endgroup$
6
  • 1
    $\begingroup$ So mercury's core could not be solid with a residual field because it is known that a solid core will definitely be above 770 C or so? Can that be backed up with a source? Thanks! $\endgroup$ – uhoh Apr 11 '20 at 23:50
  • 1
    $\begingroup$ It's called the Curie temperature, @uhoh. $\endgroup$ – David Hammen Apr 12 '20 at 9:17
  • $\begingroup$ @DavidHammen need help here! $\endgroup$ – uhoh Apr 12 '20 at 9:24
  • 1
    $\begingroup$ There are other signs that Mercury must necessarily have a partially liquid core, including how Mercury rotates about its axis and how smaller objects (e.g. MESSENGER) orbit about it. The same applies to Venus, the Earth's Moon, and Mars. All three of those, along with the Mercury (and Earth!), almost certainly have partially molten cores thanks to observations of rotation and orbiting objects. Keep in mind that Junocam was put onto Juno primarily for PR purposes while simply monitoring how Juno has orbited Jupiter has told us a whole lot about Jupiter's interior. $\endgroup$ – David Hammen Apr 13 '20 at 0:07
  • 1
    $\begingroup$ I see now that a few hours after my first comment you updated you post and added Breuer et al. When editing in response to comments (especially those of the OP) it's a good idea to leave a short @reply (found in metaFAQ) so that they are notified of the update. Now that I've discovered your edit I think it's pretty clear we can expect any solid iron to be above the Curie temperature, and therefore unable to remain magnetized. Thanks! $\endgroup$ – uhoh Apr 13 '20 at 1:32

Your Answer

By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.