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Space Adventures is selling a seat for a flight around the Moon in a Soyuz for \$150 million.

Reading a SpaceFlight Now article, it says:

The probable flight plan calls for the moon-bound crew to fly to the space station on a Soyuz rocket and spacecraft for a few days, then undock and rendezvous with a habitation module and Block DM propulsion stage launched separately atop a Proton booster.

This is the Earth Orbit Rendezvous model which was considered for Apollo. I suppose turning around and getting the Lunar Module out of the Saturn V 3rd stage sort of counts, but that was post-TLI.

Has any large scale EOR launch ever been done before? I suppose Gemini-Agena, but they just used Agena to boost and lower orbits to practice for the Apollo missions.

What I mean by EOR, is not just the act of the rendezvous. It is the act of launch multiple times, collect the parts together, and go off to do something useful. (Which thinking about it, is NOT what was meant for Apollo by EOR really).

That is, has anyone launched a crewed vehicle and then transport vehicle (Hab + Block DM) to dock together to go off and do something useful. (That is what Agena/Gemini was. But never very far, or beyond Earth orbit).

This is actually a really good thing, for several reasons:

  1. It tests out an EOR approach, and if it works, demonstrates it can work. (The proof is in the doing).
  2. Fuel depots are only a small step further along than this EOR approach.
  3. Making hab modules is a good thing, since the first is usually expensive, more would be cheaper once everything is ready to go.

So a question: Is there any other example of EOR of a reasonable scale?

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    $\begingroup$ Every mission launched with crew and/or cargo to the ISS, to Skylab, to Mir, to the Salyut series, or to any other space stations I haven't thought of has performed an Earth orbit rendezvous. Do you mean to limit EOR to missions that do something beyond the rendezvous? $\endgroup$
    – Keith Thompson
    Jun 16, 2014 at 18:37
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    $\begingroup$ I take it that in "go off and do something useful", the emphasis is on "go off"; otherwise the assembly of the ISS would qualify, as would a mission to it. $\endgroup$
    – Keith Thompson
    Jun 16, 2014 at 21:53

1 Answer 1

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Looking at historical missions with the constraints you gave:

  1. Docking in low earth orbit is a precursor to leaving low earth orbit.
    • This rules out space station mission, Apollo-Soyuz, shuttle missions that captured a satellite (like the Hubble repair flights) and the like because they didn't leave LEO.
  2. Craft from multiple launches are docked.
    • This eliminates the docking of the Apollo command and lunar modules after the trans-lunar injection burn (which admittedly means it was already leaving LEO).
  3. Leaving LEO is to go do something useful.
    • Your comments imply you mean to exclude Gemini 11 because it didn't go very far (only 1368.9 km at apogee). Wikipedia claims this is still the record for apogee (because Apollo wasn't in the sphere of influence of Earth at its farthest point) and in terms of absolute manned distance it's only beaten by the Apollo moon missions (which already don't count for the purposes of the question).

Considering Gemini 11 is still the highest Earth orbit and Apollo is the only manned program to leave Earth orbit your constraints have eliminated all historical manned missions.

To take the question a step farther I'll relax the manned requirement: Are there any missions launched in two+ launches that docked and went to do something useful?

The answer appears to still be a solid "no":

Wikipedia lists the very few docking mission types that weren't between a crew vehicle and a habitat (or other crew vehicle) but suggests that two commercial companies have proposed satellite servicing vehicles to refuel satellites in the geosynchronous belt or offer high-delta V orbital maneuvers. Unfortunately, the two proposed vehicles were Mission Extension Vehicle (last news post from August 2014 suggesting they have a government contract but no mention of concrete plans for development or launch) and Space Infrastructure Servicing (last news I could find was from September 2012 with news of a contract but no indication they've flown anything yet).

There was actually a test flight for autonomous non-cooperative docking in 2007, but that doesn't lend itself to missions where docking is planned and doesn't seem to have progressed past the single flight.

Overall it appears that even with probe missions there have been no attempts to launch parts separately and dock them in orbit for the purpose of going to do something useful.

Back to the question in the title. To state the obvious: they'll only be first if they actually fly the mission including an EOR as planned and nobody else beats them to it.

That said, considering this list (taking moon exploration to be the soonest thing that might include EOR for manned flight) they appear to have a very good shot at being first if they can even come within a few years of meeting their schedule of flying by 2018.

There are proposed Orion missions that I believe count on EOR, but considering Orion isn't even scheduled for manned flight until EM-2 in 2021 (which is a single launch) and anything more bold than that is only proposed (and subject to politics) I wouldn't be concerned with Orion actually managing EOR and going somewhere any time soon.

Considering that the ESA Aurora Program seems to have no concrete plans that leaves China with their possible manned moon landing by the mid 2020s. No mission details to suggest if it would be using EOR, but it's also distant enough that Space Adventures could suffer years of schedule slip and still be first.

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