# How will the LICIACube cubesat transmit DART impact images back to Earth? What kind of antenna and radio will it use?

### MarCO

The Mars Cube Ones or MarCOs were 6U cubesats that were deployed in deep space during the InSight mission to observe it during a critical, dynamic period of its mission, in this case the N minutes of terror during reentry, and then convey data back to Earth.

To do this they were equipped with giant phased reflector surfaces to simulate an off-axis parabolic reflector for high gain and reasonable data rate.

For more on the antenna see answers to

### LICIACube

LICIACube is an Italian 6U cubesat to be deployed in deep space during the Dart mission to observe it during a critical, dynamic period of its mission, in this case the N minutes after DART impacts "DidyMoon (Dimorphos)", and then convey data back to Earth. (hat tip to Scott Manley for the nickname)

In this case the data will be primarily images from its two cameras; LUKE and LEIA.

Question: How will the LICIACube cubesat transmit DART impact images back to Earth? What kind of antenna and radio will it use?

How will its antenna, distance and data rates compare to MarCO?

below: Both MarCO cubesats, from here (now here).

I think it's all about distance.

Let's make the reasonable assumptions that: (1) LICIAcube uses also X-band to beam data back to Earth; (2) the available transmit power is the same as that on MarCO; and (3) the receive antenna on Earth is the same.

MarCO has to close the link-budget at ~300 millions Km from Earth, while LICIAcube needs to do so at only 11 millions Km (DART impact). Space loss being proportional to the square of distance, that's an advantage of 29dB for LICIAcube.

On the photo of MarCO (given in OP's question), we can see a low-gain 2x2 patch array antenna (same orientation as the high-gain reflectarray, but "sticked" on the front side of the spacecraft body). Such antenna has a gain of 12+ dBi, as can be read on Enduro. Compare this to the 29dBi gain of the reflectarray (see Hodges [1]).

Hence the net link-budget gain for LICIAcube vs MarCO is 12dB (if it uses the Enduro's 2x2 patch array antenna, as I suspect it does, and if everything else are kept identical).

The target bitrate achieved by MarCO is 8 kbps (see Hodges [1]). So, logically LICIAcube can beam down to Earth approximately 16 times MarCO bitrate, i.e. 128kbps.

A paper[2] authored by Simonetti: LICIACube on Dart Mission ... provides corroboratively the following information:

The [communication] subsystem includes an X-Band transponder that manages downlink and uplink communications and is connected to four X-Band patch antennas.

Hence, the X-band is confirmed. Further,

The set of antennas consists of:

• The main pair composed by a transmitting antenna, with 22 dBi gain, and a receiving antenna, with 6 dBi gain, both placed in the solar side structural panel;
• The secondary pair composed by a transmitting antenna, with 12 dBi gain, and a receiving antenna, with 6 dBi gain, both placed at the opposite side of the main pair.

Not clear yet why they need so many antennas and why are these antennas positioned on opposite sides of the box. But if they intend to use the 22dBi antenna then the bitrate they can achieve will be much higher than 128Kbps, although not 10 times more. Because higher gain induces more stringent pointing accuracy. Note that for MarCO, a 3 dB pointing margin is taken (see Hodges [1]).

The paper does not give the storage capacity, but it mentions the Argotec HAWK platform (the same used by MarCO by-the-way). According to Argotec data HAWK-6 can have up to 32GB of storage. At 128Kbps download (using the 12dBi antenna as worst scenario), this would require 2 Millions seconds (~560 hours) of connection with a Deep Space Antenna on Earth. From this we can deduce that, at a rate of 4-hour connection per day (rough estimate), we need 140 days to beam back 32GB of data.

1 Hodges et.al. A Deployable High-Gain Antenna Bound to Mars ...

2 Simonetti et.al. LICIACube on DART Mission...

• Thanks for the edit! Fyi I've just asked How does a 22 dBi X-band "patch" antenna get so much gain and how well behaved is its high-gain radiation pattern?
– uhoh
Nov 23, 2021 at 22:37
• "why are these antennas positioned on opposite sides of the box" - Isn't that to be able to communicate while the solar panels are roughly pointing to the Sun? These antennas are lightweight, so it might be easier than a movable antenna or panels. Nov 24, 2021 at 9:49
• @asdflex, that's logical for the "main" (22 dBi Tx) pair. If the secondary pair (12 dBi Tx) is for rendundancy, I thought it is a bit awkward positioning it on the opposite side. The MarCO scheme seems more logical (both high-gain and low-gain pointing in the same direction). Retrospectively, they may have space problem to accomodate both pairs on the same side of LICIACube. It would be interesting to read the concept of operation of LICIACube comsys. Nov 24, 2021 at 10:43

Found a document (Italian first deep space missions to the Moon and beyond: ArgoMoon and LICIACube ready to be operated, S. Pirrotta, F. D’Amico, R. Mugnuolo) with details on datarates:

Datarates from 16 kpbs to 256 kbps (at minimum distance from Earth, around end November), transmitted during 105 minutes communication windows (80 minutes usable for each). Max 70 B/W or 66 color images can be transmitted in high-speed windows, but right after impact the datarate should be around 64 kbps, hence max 9 B/W, 9 color images per window:

kbps  LEIA full  LEIA binned  Luke full
16         1         4            3
32         2         8            7
64         2         9            9
128        8        34           32
256       17        70           66


Cannot understand how many windows per day; I don't understand how to read this image: