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'Diurnal signature of the earth related to the the rotation of the earth is utilized and 24 hours of amplitude and phase data is used along with Ranging and Doppler shift data to calculate Angular position and velocity components' - in DSN Measurement data types
What exactly, is meant by Diurnal signature of the earth and how does it aid line of sight range and range-rate data to give angular information of the spacecraft state?
This is necessarily a short answer, I don't doubt there will be other more extensive answers later.
The location of a spacecraft in space is changing due to gravity forces and perturbations from drag and solar pressure.
The location of DSN stations in inertial reference frame is not constant either. Earth's orbital motion is the first component to consider.
Over very long time intervals, DSN stations drift with the continents they are located on, thus their longitude and latitude may be changing.
Attitude of the Earth relative to far away stars includes three more components:
DSN maintains a highly accurate and up-to-date model of Earth's orientation in space (based on Very Large Base Interferometry - observations of differences in arrival of signals from distant quasars to different DSN stations).
Range and range rate (Doppler) data acquired from spacecraft are dominated by the rotation of the Earth and errors in UT1 are the most critical.
Diurnal signature of the Earth is thus the mathematical model of our Earth's orientation/rotational speed relative to an inertial reference frame with all its wobbly components that should be subtracted from raw Doppler shift observations to get true spacecraft coordinates after a few more calculations.
