Questions tagged [liquid-fuel]
Questions regarding rocket propellant in liquid form, the main type used for chemical rockets.
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Is it more expensive to send a chemical rocket from surface of Earth to an orbit or from this orbit to Mars?
I was trying to understand how cost-effective it would be to use an ion engine to power a mission. But since these propulsion systems cannot be used to leave Earth's gravitational field due to their ...
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2answers
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Starship: Methane and Oxygen can't both be liquid, except in a narrow temperature range. Is this a problem for interplanetary voyages?
On an extended spaceflight in Starship, the liquid propellant and oxidizer will tend towards the same temperature. The tanks can be refrigerated by boiling off contents, but your mileage may vary ...
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Is Lucy fueled with hydrazine and liquid oxygen?
On Sept. 18, propulsion engineers finished filling Lucy’s fuel tanks
with approximately 1,600 pounds (725 kilograms) of liquid hydrazine
and liquid oxygen, which make up 40% of the mass of the ...
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1answer
128 views
Can the cryogenic expansion of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen be used to pump a rocket engine?
A common fuel amongst rockets is that of the combination of cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. I looked at the design of a simple rocket using this cocktail that is the propellant and found ...
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Does anyone know the stay time, or what characteristic length should be used, for a LOX/LCH4-fuelled rocket engine?
Just what it says on the tin. I need to know either the "stay time" (Ts) or characteristic length (L*) that would be used to figure combustion chamber dimensions used with a LOX/LCH4-...
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1answer
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Why can solid rockets be both the skinniest and most spherical launch vehicles while liquid fuel rockets have a more limited range of aspect ratios?
Question: Why can solid rockets be both the skinniest and most spherical launch vehicles while liquid fuel rockets have a more limited range of aspect ratios? Are there fundamental engineering ...
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1answer
157 views
Comparison of rocket engines using LH2 & LOX as propellants
I am a bit confused - If it is correct that RL 10 and LR 87-LH2 both were developed in 1950 by Aerojet, and both used LOX and LH2 as the propellants, if so, then why was there a huge difference in ...
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What expansion ratio is the best for mars surface level engines?
What expansion ratio is the best for mars surface level engines?
For launches from Earth, first stage nozzles are much shorter than second stage nozzles because of Earth's high sea-level pressure. For ...
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Can rocket engines which use hypergolic propellants be augmented with LOX for increased efficiency?
Hypergolic rocket engines typically use NTO and hydrazine based propellants.
Wikipedia page on Liquid Rocket Propellants shows N2O4 and N2H4 at 1.36 ratio to have 286s Isp at sea level.
My question is ...
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1answer
163 views
Was liquid ozone + fluorine ever tested as an oxidizer? Ever with jet fuel?
Searching for ozone layer circa 1957 I got Theoretical Rocket Performance of JP-4 Fuel with Mixtures of Liquid Ozone and Fluorine, NACA RM E56K14, Issue 58, Volume 63, Vearl N. Huff, Sanford Gordon. ...
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Can kerolox or SRB soot particles grow too large too quickly; not accelerated in expanding exhaust leading to a loss of mass-specific impulse?
In this answer to Is methyl silane CH6Si ever considered as fuel in rocketry? I argue that there's no huge loss in mass-specific impulse (Isp) when producing sand (and by extension soot) in the ...
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Why is an inflatable balloon inside a fuel tank not used to prevent fuel from "sloshing around"?
After seeing all the Starship failures, having something with a membrane keep things in place seems like an obvious solution. Has it been considered or tested - or do we simply lack a material that is ...
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1answer
190 views
Why are propellant tanks filled from the bottom?
It seems that the norm is to (fast-) fill fuel and oxidiser tanks from the bottom. For example, on this drawing of the Saturn S-IC stage you can see the LOX and RP-1 fill valves at the bottom of the ...
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Injector design - LOX vs nitrous oxide
What will be the main design differences between using liquid oxygen and liquid nitrous oxide as oxidizer in a bi-propellant rocket engine? What liquid/gas properties (vapor pressure etc.) play the ...
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1answer
539 views
Open source liquid rocket engine
Is there an open source bi-propelant liquid rocket engine that would have all the documentation, computations, test results and 3D design files (CAD) freely accessible?
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Highest Isp achieved with nitrous oxide as oxidizer
What is the highest Isp achieved on orbital rocket for an engine that used nitrous oxide as oxidizer? Both hybrid and liquid engines can be considered.
Not considering nitrous oxide monopropellant ...
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If high-test peroxide is most stable when pure, why are most uses of it in rocketry at lower concentrations?
Per the Wikipedia article for High-test peroxide:
Hydrogen peroxide becomes more stable with higher peroxide content. For example, 98% hydrogen peroxide is more stable than 70% hydrogen peroxide. ...
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2answers
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Is there a "green" hypergolic propellant?
Is there any such thing as a non-cryogenic, liquid, "green" hypergolic bipropellant, where green means environment friendly and non-toxic?
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1answer
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What is the products of a catalyzed reaction between Hydrogen Peroxide and Ethanolamine with Copper(II) Chloride?
I found this article about Hypergols, specifically H2O2. It mentions in table 3 and in the body of the paper that they found that Ethanolamine with Copper Chloride reacted vigorously. In my search for ...
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Liquid fueled suborbital rockets?
Which suborbital (sounding, balistic, amateur or else) rockets use or used liquid fuel?
I could find (with help from A. Rumlin)
New Shepard - Blue Origin - RP-1
Spica - Copenhagen Suborbitals - ...
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2answers
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Rocket fuel cost to launch 1 kg to orbit
I have 2 questions about the cost of liquid rocket fuel to launch (anything) to LEO orbit. Let's assume we use fuels used in commercial spaceflight today (probably LOX+LH2 or LOX+RP-1 etc.).
What is ...
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1answer
113 views
Is there a distinct flame-front in a liquid-fuelled rocket combustion chamber?
Liquid fuel and liquid oxidizer are injected at high pressure through small orifices into the 'top' of a rocket's combustion chamber. The intention is that these mix quickly and then burn completely ...
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How many times is a single rocket engine tested?
When a rocket engine is loaded into a test stand is it tested once before removal or is it allowed to cool and then tested again. Is every liquid-fueled rocket motor that flies to space first tested ...
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3answers
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Can liquid rocket engines have the same thrust as solid rocket engines?
Take the Vega rocket launcher for example. Its first three stages are solid rocket engines and burn at a relatively short time. If I were to change its first stage into a liquid rocket engine, can ...
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1answer
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What is the effect of calorific value of fuel on the specific impulse of a rocket engine?
What is the effect of calorific value of a fuel on the specific impulse of a rocket engine? Other things remaining the same, and if it is possible to use both, will the same fuel provide the same ...
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Dinitrogen tetroxide decomposes to nitrogen dioxide at room temperature, but rockets that use it are usually said to use N2O4 and not NO2 - why?
To the best of my understanding, both dinitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen dioxide are usable and perform quite similarly as oxidizers, but rockets that use either are almost always said to use ...
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Using of the rocket propellant for engine cooling
Why does liquid space propellant make a good engine coolant? I was researching the regeneratively cooled nozzle and combustion chamber on the Merlin 1D when I found this out. I do know that the pipes ...
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0answers
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Why didn't propylene fly? (Vector—yes, Vector—is back)?
Ars Technicha's Rocket Report: SLS has technical problems, Vector—yes, Vector—is back links to Vector restarting operations under new ownership which says:
One thing they did wrong was the technology ...
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1answer
115 views
Concerns/challenges with LOX as a regenerative coolant
What are the fundamental issues that make LOX as a regenerative coolant difficult to work with or less ideal than using fuels as a coolant instead in small scale engines (<7000lbs of thrust/ ...
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1answer
92 views
How to experimentally determine the degree of atomization of the propellants mixing in a fuel injector?
When validating a fuel injector design on a test stand using liquid water to simulate a liquid-liquid fuel injector(the one i'm working with currently is a pintle design but I suppose one could ...
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Do the SpaceX Falcon-9 rockets use foam insulation similar to the Space Shuttle? Is it still a potential problem?
The Space Shuttle used polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams for insulation. A chunk of foam breaking off during launch resulted in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
Do all chemically-fueled ...
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1answer
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At which pressure does a liquid fueled rocket start producing supersonic flow?
In a compressed-tank LOX+ethanol (or similar liquid fuel) rocket:
How much should the tank or combustion chamber pressure (which should be the same) be to have a significant exhaust velocity increase ...
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How do Falcon-9's cold gas thruster maneuvers account for the center of mass changes due to "floating fuel shifts"?
The Art of Engineering video How SpaceX Lands Rockets with Astonishing Accuracy after 07:19 explains:
Cold Gas Thrusters
The falcon 9 is equipped with a total of ...
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1answer
412 views
How much does launch costs have to come down to make chemical fuel deep space probes feasible?
Considering that NASA have been running short of plutonium for their RTGs, it makes sense to consider alternatives.
For the inner solar system up to Jupiter, solar cells have been demonstrated on ...
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1answer
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How to predict reaction of propellants at chamber temperature and pressure? [duplicate]
I would like to understand how to calculate the complete reaction of propellants at chamber temperature and pressure.
For instance taking ethyl alcohol (75%) and LOX combustion with mixture ratio of 1....
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1answer
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why do under-expanded engines have less than ideal thrust?
I've been looking into rocket propulsion a bit and got stumped on something. I read that the thrust generated by an engine can be determined by the following:
$$
F = \frac{w}{g}v_{e}+A_{e}(P_{e}-P_{a})...
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1answer
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Is methylsilane CH6Si ever considered as fuel in rocketary?
Methylsilane CH6Si seems to have some useful properties for rocket fuel:
High hydrogen content, 6 atoms per molecule, 13% of overall mass,
High combustion energy, -2612KJ/mol or 56.8 MJ/kg (better ...
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Why can't cryogenic oxygen and cryogenic kerosene be "stored" together?
This question, to my knowledge, is only applicable to Rocket Lab's Electron, pressure-fed engines that use non-hypergolic fuels, and other engine cycles that don't use a fuel/oxygen-rich preburner. My ...
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1answer
737 views
Why is RP-1 dyed red?
I was interested to learn that RP-1 is at least sometimes dyed to a red color.
What is the reason for doing this / what benefit does it give compared to leaving it the usual hydrocarbon clear-to-...
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1answer
303 views
Fat as hydrocarbon rocket fuel?
Have fat/grease or fatty acids ever been studied as a liquid rocket fuel?
(I don't expect it to be a good rocket fuel, but I wonder if anybody has ever burned it in an engine or made a serious study ...
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1answer
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What is the MXP-351 storable bipropellant?
Masten Space Systems has a proprietary hypergolic bipropellant called MXP-351 intended for use in the XL-1 lunar lander. We seem to know the following information:
Non-cryogenic, with storage life of ...
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1answer
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What actually is RP-1, and how is it different from any other hydrocarbon liquid fuel?
Related: Russian "kerosene" versus American "RP-1", however that's more about the details of specific rocket kerosene specs than rocket kerosene in the context of hydrocarbon and ...
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1answer
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Do mixture ratio always need to be constant throughout the flight?
What factors can change the mixture ratio of propellant? I think they can be changed to control the thrust of a rocket.Stay safe.
EDIT:What about considering only one stage? Do they change or can they ...
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How are cryogenic fuels and oxidizers generated and procured?
I understand hydrogen can be generated from steam-methane reforming or from electrolysis of water and then cooled to liquid through a series of cryogenic coolers. For steam reforming, the hydrogen ...
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1answer
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How are fuel/hydraulics pipes coupled in spacecraft?
How are pipes coupled in spacecraft?
I found Shape memory alloy pipe couplings (SCoup, see image taken from link) are sometimes used.
-Is this still the case and in what quantity are they used?
-...
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240 views
Bio-Fuel for Rocket Science
In season 1 of the 2018 Lost In Space Series which aired on Netflix† the last Episode has the Robinson family using the by-products of living beings (faeces) as biofuel. If we were to use the same ...
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1answer
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How did JPL detonate a liquid oxygen methane mixture with light?
This answer to Pre-mixing cryogenic fuels and using only one fuel tank quotes John D. Clark's Ignition! Chapter 11: The Hopeful Monoprops, and the quote includes the line:
How he avoided ...
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1answer
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What is the density of supercooled LOX at −206 °C, as SpaceX uses it
I want to calculate the size in cubic meters of Starship's propellant tanks. The only figures for LOX I can find are at −183 °C. 1141.7 kg/m³ at −183 °C. Could somebody please calculate it at −206 °C,...
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Is it possible to use gases instead of liquids as fuel in a rocket engine?
Im reading about rocket engines and I have a question about is it possible to use fuels in the form of gases than a liquid in a rocket engine?
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Rocket explosion compared to kT of TNT; has one ever knocked something over at a distance?
The energy equivalent of 1 gram of TNT is about 1 kcal or large Calorie. For reference, 1 gram of carbohydrates gives us almost 4 Calories of energy (if we are lucky enough to use it and not store it)....