Questions tagged [temperature]
Questions regarding the amount of heat energy in an environment, as well as how to measure it.
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How are the electronic circuits in interplanetary missions protected from extremely low temperatures?
In an interplanetary mission, a spaceship travels through deep space, where the temperature is almost zero degrees Kelvin, and it is likely that its electronic circuits get permanently damaged. How ...
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When does a specific equipment at a certain temperature start to freeze in interstellar space?
This is my first post here. I'm working on a project which involves a number of problems and some parts of that are related to empty space and space exploration. I try to be focused and reflect one of ...
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Why exactly do robots freeze? How could we engineer around it?
Moon and Mars rovers go through a lot of trouble to keep themselves heated to avoid "freezing to death".
My question is why exactly are all these measures necessary? As in, which components ...
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Has anyone developed a reliable deep space battery that doesn't need to be kept warm?
Has anyone developed a reliable battery for use in cold deep space applications? Something that doesn't need to be kept warm?
For exampe lithium batteries certainly has its constraints due to the ...
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Which engine has the highest nozzle wall temperature? [closed]
From all the rocket engines that were used in flight, which one has the highest nozzle wall temperature?
The nozzle wall is not heated uniformly. But there are regions where they reach max temperature....
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1answer
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Where does a Falcon-9 get the hottest during launch, and how hot does it get? (aerodynamic heating)
We know there is a Max-Q point1 during a launch, have an approximate altitude, equations for it's pressure value and suspect it lies very near the apex of a rocket's nose.
But is there a "Max-T&...
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What was the leeward surface temperature of the Apollo Command Module during reentry?
From the Apollo Experience Report: Thermal Protection System, there is a diagram that shows the surface temperatures of the Command Module at various points (image was obtained from this answer). It ...
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How to calculate the local maximum solar radiation on Mars from day to day throughout a full martian year?
I would like to know where on Mars the least lowest daily temperatures depending on the time of year will be.
At first glance one might think, as I did, that it has to be along its equator, but ...
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Taking photos from Venus surface from an airship. Possible?
On planet Venus at ground level temperature level is about 450°C which seems to high for electronic devices such as a camera.
Could electronic devices and a camera on a airship just below the clouds ...
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How do space blankets (thermal blankets) work?
On earth, blankets serve to primarily buffer temperature changes / heat transfer that would occur via convection (e.g. a blanket traps air near you so that after your body warms it, it doesn't just ...
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Rocket Combustion
How is the chamber pressure is arrived at for a given combustion temperature and mixture ratio ?
Based on the mixture ratio, the value of gamma and temperature can be found out, using chemical ...
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Surface Rock Temperature of Venus
The average surface temperature of Venus is said to be 460 degrees Celsius.
What I'd like to know, is that the temperature of the air in contact with and near the surface, or is that the temperature ...
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How do astronauts brew tea on ISS and what brewing temperature is common?
Do astronauts add hot water to a packet that contains a bag with real tea leaves or is it dry tea powder?
If they use real tea leaves, what would be the water temperature for the brewing?
To get the ...
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How hot was the surface of RTG radiator which powered ALSEP on Apollo-12?
The last 5 Apollo missions that landed on the moon (starting from Apollo-12) deployed Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) which was powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG)
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What was pressure and temperature of LM oxygen tanks?
After analysing comments in related question
How cryogenic oxygen was heated up for CM cabin repressurization?
It appears that LM had oxygen stored as either gas or supercritical fluid but not at ...
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How cryogenic oxygen was heated up for CM cabin repressurization?
In related question How was temperature and humidity maintained inside the Apollo mission capsules?
the basic concept of conditioning Apollo mission capsules environment is described.
After ...
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What would be the temperature range measured 2 meters above the Moon's surface? @10m? @50m? [duplicate]
Were there any temperature measurements experiments done on the Moon where the temperature was measured ABOVE the surface for any period of time?
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Why was Apollo 11 launched in summer?
The question could seems stupid, but I think that best moment to launch a rocket is when temperature is lowest in order to achieve the best performance in a reaction engine. I do not know if there is ...
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Chandrayaan 2: Why is Vikram Lander's life limited to 14 Days?
I do know that the 13-14 days of its scheduled life is limited by the duration of sunlight and once the far side of the moon goes dark, the lander will be in temperatures as low as -170° Celsius.
But ...
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Why is the Apollo LM landing gear covered with so much thermal insulation?
The Apollo LM landing gear – struts, footpads, shock absorbers and contact probes was completely covered with foils.
There should be no temperature sensistive electronics within the landing gear, ...
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1answer
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Did Apollo 13 CM reach thermal equilibrium when it was powered down?
It was reported that the CM cabin temperature dropped to 43°F. Was that the equilibrium, or would it have gotten colder if it had remained in space longer. If that wasn't equilibrium was there an ...
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How can electronics on board JWST survive the low operating temperature while it's difficult to survive lunar nights?
Compared to the temperatures encountered in lunar nights, the desired operating temperature of the James Webb Space Telescope is very low. Lunar nights are typically -170°C while the operating ...
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What was the temperature of the Apollo 11 moon landing zone?
It's soon 50 years from the Apollo 11 moon landing, so in honor of that event, I decided to post a question here.
I understand that moon has due to its long day and long night and also due to the ...
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1answer
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Sulphur Hexafluoride atmosphere for Ceres?
So, I have read that the escape velocity of Ceres is 514 m/s, and orbital velocity(for a low orbit) is 360 m/s...
Now, the RMS(Root Mean Square) velocity of Sulphur Hexafluoride at 72 $^o$F (23 $^o$C,...
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1answer
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How do you find the temperature of an orbiting aluminum sheet 10x10 cm
I'm trying to find the temperature of a CubeSat in orbit at 140km. I'm trying to use the Stefan-Boltzmann law but don't know how to incorporate the energy from sunlight. I'm using this as a check for ...
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Temperature of a satellite orbiting in low Earth orbit
I am working on a project for science fair that involves a deployable component that will not be heated on a CubeSat. I am trying to find data for the skin temperature of a satellite (or the ISS) over ...
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How is atmospheric temperature measured from a satellite?
How does an Earth observing satellite measure the temperature of the atmosphere?
Can they measure temperature at multiple altitudes, or measure the temperature of clouds?
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1answer
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How cold was it in the shade of the Parker solar probe?
What was the temperature in the shade of the Parker solar probe? Do to the proximity at the closest point the probe got to the Sun how much shade can be produced at that range?
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How to measure the temperature inside a combustion chamber
This question is inspired by How do you determine what the temperature will be in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine? .
I wonder how you would mesaure the temperature on the inner surface of ...
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Is the cupola, on the inside of the ISS, cold or warm to the touch?
Does the temperature of the surface of the cupola vary when the ISS is in Earth's shadow, compared to when it is on day side of the Earth? Is it cold to the touch when the ISS in the shadow?
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1answer
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How often does a geostationary satellite enter into a Lunar shadow?
Is there a chance for the many geostationary satellites to enter into the moon’s shadow?
If so, how frequently do such eclipses happen and how long do they typically last?
Are such eclipses pre-...
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Why are the rovers finding the long Lunar night difficult to overcome?
Compared to Martian nights, Lunar nights are long and cold. This has posed a lot of challenges in the past.
What specific challenges does long duration night pose? What are the methods to over come? ...
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What is the surface temperature distribution of Venus?
I can find lots of resources stating the average surface temperature. However, I have found conflicting reports concerning the distribution of temperatures on the surface. For example, the Venus ...
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Friendly temperatures at day/night junction in Mercury?
Here's my theory :
Since a temperature change is generally smooth when you travel, I was wondering that temperatures would be somewhat decent if you were to stay somewhere in the day/night longitude ...
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1answer
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Spacesuit needed for 1 psi 100% methane atmosphere - 60 Fahrenheit?
What sort of spacesuit would an astronaut need if she were to walk on a planet with a 1 psi (0.07 ATM) 100% methane atmosphere and -60°F (-50°C) temperatures?
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Why is Adiabatic wall temperature taken as the driving temperature in rocket engines?
Going by the definition of convective heat transfer coefficient from Wikipedia (which I have started to doubt; reason follows):
$h=\frac{q}{\Delta T}$, where the $\Delta T$ is taken as the difference ...
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Temperature indicators/labels on space debris?
There was a picture in this question about space debris on shore. Seems to be a part of a Falcon 9.
The round stickers are used for temperature control. Similar labels are sold by some companies, for ...
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1answer
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Parker Solar probe's heat survival - Heat vs Temperature
This is not about about heat shields, materials, coolant, etc.
I am not quite not getting the science that explains the Heat Vs Temperature, which is how the Parker probe is going to survive the ...
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1answer
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Temperature and pressure of rocket exhaust
What is the temperature and pressure of the exhaust that comes out of the rocket during the last three seconds of countdown (smoke that stays near ground)?
How much carbon dioxide is there in that ...
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1answer
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Filling the propellants in the rocket tanks
After putting the rocket on the launch pad the propellants are filled.
But before that how to maintain the lower temperatures of the tanks so that when filling the propellants don't boil off?
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Are the mountains of Venus of any help for us to explore the surface?
The circular orbit and small axial tilt results in no seasons, coupled with the well-known strong greenhouse that makes nights just as hot as days.
As pressure gets lower by height, so does ...
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1answer
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How to calculate the stagnation temperature at the tip of the nose of a reentry module?
A re-entry module flies with Mach 10 at an ambient temperature of –27°C with. CP = 840 J/kg-K, gas constant R = 140 J/kg-K. What is the stagnation temperature at the tip of the nose of the re-entry ...
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Why does the ISS need thermal blankets if the Sun is hot?
If space is cold at 2.7 Kelvin and heat can't escape in a vacuum then why is the ISS wrapped in space blankets if the sun is hot?
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1answer
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Why is the cold of space a danger to satellites?
Recently, I have been learning about satellites present in space, and one of the discussions was the danger of the variance of temperatures, as space can be both incredibly hot and cold. I understand ...
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1answer
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What is the solar flux on Titan?
I' trying to solve for the surface temperature Ts=((n+1)So(1-A)4)1/4, and thus So=L/4𝞹a2 but I cannot seem to find the value for solar flux or its luminosity.
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Modern ambient temperature rocket fuel?
This question is in regard to rocket propellants that are liquid at room temperature & pressure (not solid fuel, and not liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen, both of which would be gasses at STP).
It'...
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What is the warmest place on Mars?
What is the warmest place on the Martian surface? What temperatures are seen there? (day, night, seasons, etc.)
I am asking about weather; not anything out of the ordinary such as a volcano.
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Temperatures in “near” space compared to LEO
I've been reading about High Altitude Balloons (HAB) lately, and it seems that they take much greater pains to fight cold temperatures than cubesats do. Loads of insulation, especially on batteries, ...
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Would a mars base need to expel excess heat?
I've read that on Mars you lose 30% of your heat through convection and 70% through black body radiation. (The much lower amount from convection due to the tenous atmosphere vs. Earth.) http://www....
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1answer
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Could a probe fly through the Sun's transition zone between chromosphere and corona?
I wonder if a cryogenically cooled probe could fly very fast tangentially pass the Sun and through its transition zone where the temperature drops to below 6 000 K, from millions in the corona. What ...
