##  It's very likely that inhabitants of [Makatea][6] were the ones ! 
(As was discovered and announced by @SE-stop firing the good guys in one of his comments.)  
 
Now that one of the other answers has ruled out any Apollo astronaut, and the ISS crew probably can be excluded too, we can focus on determining the exact location on Earth, and this can be done with the aid of the [HORIZONS Web-Interface][3].  
With the **Table Settings** Quantities 1 and 15, the **Target Body** Earth and the **Observer Location** Sun(body center) we can see the Sunsub longitude and the Sunsub latitude at the start of August 27, 2003.  
Averaging for 9.51 UTC gives longitude **330.26405⁰** and latitude **10.210355⁰** for the place where the Sun would be in the zenith.  
Comparing this table with one with Mars as the **Target Body** we see that the [right ascension][4] for Earth and Mars are almost equal at that special time, so the plane that contains the Sun, Earth and Mars was then almost perpendicular to the ecliptic.(and the angles of declination of the two planets would lie in that plane.)  
If the Earth and Mars had also the same [declination][5] at that time, we just could draw a line from the "Sunsub" spot on Earth through its centre to the surface on the other side where Mars would then be in the zenith.(supposing the Earth would be a perfect sphere).  
That "midnight spot" would then have coordinates **150.264⁰ West** and **10.210355⁰ South.**  
But when we look at still another table with **Target Body** Mars but with this time **Observation Location** "Geocentric" at August 27, 2003, Mars has a considerable declination of over -15⁾, minus the declination of Earth of -10⁾ 9', and then averaged that gives a total of **-5⁰ 35'** for 9.51 UTC.  

**That makes the final coordinates of the closest spot to Mars: 150⁰ 16'W, 15⁰ 47'S.**   
(somewhere between [Mataiva][1] and [Teti'aroa][2])   


Using the R.A.(right ascension) on both the tables of Earth and Mars at the time and averaging for 9.51 UTC gives an angular velocity for Earth relative to Mars of **75.08"** per 24 hours.   
With **Table Settings** Quantities **19** and averaging for 9.51 UTC we could conclude the Sun-Earth distance then to be **151,159,530.3 km.**  




[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataiva
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teti'aroa
[3]: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi#results
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makatea