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I don't know much about Rockets, but all that I have seen, from the Saturn V to SpaceX's Falcon 9 have the engine at the bottom. Doesn't this make the Rocket really unstable, like balancing a pencil on your finger and trying to lift it up? Why do we not pump the exhaust gases up to the top of the rockets before expelling them? Surely that'd give a more stable rocket with less chance of faliure?

Essentially, what reason is there for having the engine at the bottom, rather than at the top like a firework rocket?

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..what reason is there for having the engine at the bottom, ..

For the fundamental logical flaw in the desire to move the engines, please see this answer of Russell Borogove - it comes down to The Pendulum Fallacy (the exact same fallacy I made when considering other reasons for 'engines at bottom of stack'). For more on the The Pendulum Fallacy see links at the bottom of this answer and in Russell's answer.

In a nutshell the fallacy is based on the assumption that a 'top engine' layout is more stable than a 'bottom engine' layout. In fact, they are exactly equally as (un)stable and therefore other factors determine the decision behind engine placement.

This list below is some of the other reasons:

  • Heat. Rocket exhaust is very hot, therefore before the rocket is safe from them, the exhaust would have to come out of the engine and past the long fuel/oxidizer tanks (which often contain fuel or oxidizer at 'cryonic temperatures').1
  • Control. Rockets already need sophisticated control even to get where they are intended to go. That ability automatically ensures the rocket 'does not fall over' even under full acceleration.
  • Fuel flow. It is harder to pump fuel up to a rocket engine (against both gravity and the acceleration of the rocket), than to allow the fuel to flow down to the engine. This point has been disputed in comments below, along the lines that it is not a significant difference. We are hoping for more data to determine how much difference it makes.
  • Hagen von Eitzen mentioned in a comment below:- "Many materials and structures are more stable under pressure than under pull; in fact things you push in principle need not even be fixed to one another."
  • Hobbes also points out in a comment:- "It does complicate the engine layout: you'd need a turbopump at the bottom of the stage, and pressurized lines all the way to the top. This would make using a regenerative engine (which dumps the turbopump exhaust into the combustion chamber) much harder."
  1. The 'emergency abort' rockets of particular American (at least) launchers put a small rocket engine above the capsule, but this was only expected to fire for a very short time (and might have used solid propellants that don't need to be pumped anywhere). Also note how the exhausts of the rockets are angled outwards in efforts to keep the capsule cool, but in doing so waste some of the thrust of the rocket engines.

enter image description here

It's a little ironic that this 'real life example' of engines above payload is also shown on the Pendulum Rocket Fallacy page discussed in the answer of Russell Borogove/comment of Philipp. In fact, that small sideways jet near the top of the rocket seems to be a way of changing the direction of the combined rocket/capsule rig. I.E. further evidence that a top engine rocket is not self stabilizing, and requires active guidance.

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    $\begingroup$ I suspect fuel flow isn't really an issue: the propellants are pumped at many times atmospheric pressure, adding a few bar due to having to pump uphill won't make much of a difference. It does complicate the engine layout: you'd need a turbopump at the bottom of the stage, and pressurized lines all the way to the top. This would make using a regenerative engine (which dumps the turbopump exhaust into the combustion chamber) much harder. $\endgroup$
    – Hobbes
    Commented Jun 28, 2015 at 17:01
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    $\begingroup$ Not sure if this applies for accelerations that the human crew can survive, but: Many materials and structures are more stable under pressure than under pull; in fact things you push in principle need not even be fixed to one another $\endgroup$
    – Hagen von Eitzen
    Commented Jun 28, 2015 at 19:50
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    $\begingroup$ Well, it works in Kerbal Space Program $\endgroup$
    – asawyer
    Commented Jun 29, 2015 at 13:46
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    $\begingroup$ @asawyer You forgot to provide the mandatory reference. $\endgroup$
    – jpmc26
    Commented Jun 29, 2015 at 19:12
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    $\begingroup$ That small side jet exists to force it to be unstable. You don't want it going straight up only to be encountered by the derelict booster behind it. $\endgroup$
    – Joshua
    Commented Apr 15, 2016 at 15:52
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Putting the rocket nozzles nearer the top wouldn't make the rocket any more stable; this is the well-known pendulum rocket fallacy.

In fact, some rockets have used a tractor (engine on top) configuration (Goddard's first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926, for example), but the advantages to the pusher configuration as outlined in the other answers here are dominant.

To be clear, the point of the pendulum fallacy isn't "tractor rockets are unstable"; it's "tractor rockets are not self-stabilizing and are not inherently more stable than pusher rockets given the same aerodynamics and guidance and control systems".

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    $\begingroup$ If the thrust line is misaligned with the center of mass -- as it always is, in practice -- how is that a restoring torque? How does that differ from the low center of thrust case? $\endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Commented Jun 28, 2015 at 17:49
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    $\begingroup$ Mounting the engines divergently doesn't help unless they are gimbaled or differentially throttled -- the same situation as for base-mounted engines. OP was thinking there was an inherent stability gain in the tractor case, and there simply isn't. $\endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Commented Jun 28, 2015 at 18:23
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    $\begingroup$ I am not an expert on the skycrane lander, but the engines are deep-throttling; it's certainly actively stabilized, whether by reaction wheels, differential throttle, gimbaling, or some other mechanism. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Powered_descent $\endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Commented Jun 28, 2015 at 19:47
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    $\begingroup$ @Erik en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum_rocket_fallacy $\endgroup$
    – Philipp
    Commented Jun 28, 2015 at 22:02
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    $\begingroup$ All other things being equal (aerodynamics, center of mass, active stabilization systems), what is the mechanism by which top-mounted thrusters improve stability relative to bottom-mounted? $\endgroup$
    – Russell Borogove
    Commented Jun 29, 2015 at 23:07
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Besides the heat factor brought up by Andrew Thompson, I think another big issue is decoupling spent stages. If the stage is below you during the decouple, there is no way it could physically come back up and hit you again (unless you decouple while the thruster is still powered). If the stage is above you, then you need some kind of trick to avoid the rest of the rocket ramming into the now-empty decoupled stage.

Another related point is the decouple itself: By its nature, the decoupler applies downward force on the element below and upward force on the element above. If the element below is the discarded stage, great! Now the junk is falling faster and the rocket got a slight boost. But if it's the other way around then the junk gets a boost and the rest of the rocket slows down, wasting Delta-V.

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  • $\begingroup$ Playing devil's advocate, decouple while the first stage is still firing. At the moment of decoupling, its motors are now powering a considerably smaller mass, so the almost-spent stage will accelerate away from the rest of the rocket at high speed. And I don't think decoupling will exert a significant force on either component. Don't they just blow explosive bolts holding the stages together? $\endgroup$
    – David Richerby
    Commented Jun 30, 2015 at 9:15
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    $\begingroup$ If your engines are on top, you could drop tanks and keep your engines. $\endgroup$
    – Joshua
    Commented Jun 30, 2015 at 15:28
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    $\begingroup$ @Joshua You could, but often staging is set up so that subsequent stages use different engines also (often with less thrust but more Isp) so you may end up having to get rid of the whole stack anyway. But being able to decouple empty tanks while keeping other full tanks and the engine is quite useful, and perhaps a better argument for OP's suggestion than stability. $\endgroup$
    – Superbest
    Commented Jun 30, 2015 at 20:07
  • $\begingroup$ @Joshua - I like that concept a lot. But Superbest is right: ditching the stages does allow you to ditch the combustion chamber/expansion nozzle/fuel-oxidiser combination for one that suits the altitude better. It would be great to save the weight of the engines, but from a static launch you need much more acceleration at low altitude, so carrying all of your engines into orbit is a waste. Maybe a radial tractor configuration: 6 engines, opposite pairs have matched characteristics, ditch pairs as you ascend. $\endgroup$
    – WillC
    Commented Dec 12, 2016 at 6:58
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The thought of placing the engine on top of the rocket never crossed my mind. One of the reasons against it I see is as follows. In case of the traditional layout (engine at the bottom), the thrust vector of ALL engines is exactly in the direction of the intended movement of the rocket. While in case of the engine-at-the-top layout, we cannot direct the exhaust along the line of the movement, simply because underneath the engine there's the rest of the rocket. That means we have to use several smaller engines, each throwing its exhaust at an angle to the rocket body (like in the picture in the accepted answer). And the thrust vectors of all engines should sum up to create the main thrust vector in the direction of intended movement. Now, the more the angle the less power of each engine will be applied to move the rocket. When the angle is 90 degrees, there will be no thrust, with engines completely compensating each other's thrust. In other words, placing engine at the top makes the whole setup less effective energy-wise, i.e. more fuel will be required for the same performance.

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  • $\begingroup$ Yup, thrust efficiency in velocity vector is cosine of the angle. Good point. $\endgroup$
    – TildalWave
    Commented Jul 1, 2015 at 1:55
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When you exhaust hot gases at the top of the rocket, you have to shield the rocket body from those gases. You don't want the body to heat up and boil the propellant and oxygen.

Those shields would have to be thick and heavy, reducing the rocket's performance.

Also, thousands of rocket launches (and millions of flight hours by airplanes with jet engine exhausts at the tail) have shown that stability isn't an issue worth worrying about.

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The other answers have covered why you don't put the rocket motor at the top but not covered this point of the question.

Why do we not pump the exhaust gases up to the top of the rockets before expelling them?

If you're pumping the exhaust gasses to the top of the rocket, the thrust of your rocket is exactly the power of the pump, minus losses due to inefficiency. What's powering the pump? Wouldn't it be better to use that power source to drive the rocket directly, instead of using it to move around the waste products of some messy chemical reaction?

So lets assume you just mean diverting the exhaust from a burner at the bottom of the rocket to nozzles at the nose. The power of a rocket comes from carefully shaping the combustion chamber and exhaust nozzle. Only a part of the thrust comes from the pressure of the exhaust gasses causing them to squirt out of the combustion chamber. Most of the thrust comes from the shaping of the nozzle, which lowers the pressure of the exhaust gasses and accelerates them to very high speeds. Fitting a pipe from the bottom of the rocket to the top (which would have to contain at least one 180° turn) would completely ruin the geometry of the nozzle, almost certainly to the point of making it not work at all.

You'd also need to contain the extremely hot exhaust gasses, which would be trying very hard to melt your pipe, losing energy all the way.

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They are not always at the base of the rocket. Here are two, albeit slightly quirky potential counterexamples, although in both cases it seems putting the nozzle near the top in a "tractor" configuration does not improve stability.

Goddard Rocket, from this answer

Goddard Rocket

Stabilo rocket, from this question

Stabilo rocket

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    $\begingroup$ counter examples designed by people who thought putting the engines at the top would increase stability. $\endgroup$
    – user20636
    Commented Dec 18, 2020 at 18:28

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